Joint Enterprise on Trial
📢 Joint Enterprise on Trial
On 26 June 2025, APPEAL’s Racial Justice Lead, Dr Nisha Waller and Racial Justice Researcher, Tehreem Sultan launched ‘Joint Enterprise on Trial’, a report exposing the harsh realities of joint enterprise prosecutions at the Central Criminal Court, better known as the Old Bailey. The launch event was a powerful gathering of legal professionals, campaigners, and community voices, featuring moving contributions from Pearls Loren Wisdom, Dr Patrick Williams, Cleeshay, Yusuf Solley, and Andrea Coomber KC (Hon.), as well as performances by Cleeshay and the cast of Public Interest (Common Wealth Theatre).
The report is the product of a six-month court watch, examining 17 murder and attempted murder trials where secondary liability was in play. It reveals troubling patterns in the way joint enterprise is overused and misused—placing young, mostly Black men and teenagers at serious risk of miscarriages of justice.
What Is Joint Enterprise?
In practice, joint enterprise has been widely criticised for enabling prosecutions and convictions on the basis of weak connections to a crime – such as presence at the scene and association with others without clear evidence of intention and active involvement in the crime.
What the Report Reveals
Overcharging: Casting an Unreasonably Wide Net
The study found that many individuals were charged with murder despite fragile and unclear connections to the crime. In several trials, the number and severity of charges were grossly disproportionate to the evidence presented. One case involved seven boys charged with murder and the prosecution’s case against five was based almost exclusively on their “voluntary presence” at the scene. Six of the seven boys were acquitted. In another case, eight defendants faced more than 50 charges, yet only one conviction resulted. This points to an excessive use of charging powers, raising concerns about the Crown Prosecution Service’s (CPS) thresholds for charging decisions and how they are adhered to.
Trial by Storyline: Narrative Over Evidence
In the absence of strong evidence, the prosecution often leaned on speculative storytelling. Key elements of secondary liability, knowledge and intention, were frequently assumed by the prosecutors, rather than properly evidenced. Expressions like “in it together” or “back up if needed” were used to gloss over the absence of clear acts of assistance or encouragement by defendants. Prosecutors frequently crossed the line into speculation, relying more on assumption and inference than on facts or evidence.
The Gang Narrative and Racialised Injustice
Although the word “gang” was explicitly used in only five cases, gang-related tropes and stereotypes were prevalent throughout the cases. For example, subtle references to “team” or “territory” evoked gang connotations that tainted perceptions of guilt. Prosecution narratives were entangled with racialised constructions of crime, including stereotypes about drug dealing, knife crime and group association. These racialised narrative tactics tapped into broader public fears to bolster the prosecution’s case.
Institutional Whiteness and Courtroom Inequality
The report documents how racial and class-based disparities influenced trial dynamics. With 84% of barristers being white and 79% of defendants from racially minoritised backgrounds (amongst which 60% were Black), legal proceedings often failed to accommodate different cultural expressions or communication styles. The racial homogeneity of legal professionals also had consequences for how evidence was framed and understood. Lawyers from underrepresented backgrounds sometimes brought important cultural insight that equipped them to identify and challenge potential misinterpretations of evidence.
The Costs of Injustice
The findings highlight that prison space and court time are being consumed by cases that often end in acquittals and should not have reached trial. Public money is being used to stage justice, rather than deliver it. Court backlogs and the “prison crisis” are exacerbated by the overuse and misuse of joint enterprise, while individuals’ lives are irreparably altered by overreaching prosecutions. Cases that should never have gone to trial are taking up space, time, and lives with a law that is too vague, too broad, and too easily exploited.
What Comes Next
We are calling for meaningful and necessary action: first, legislative reform to narrow the scope of the joint enterprise doctrine and establish a fairer framework for prosecution. Second, we demand an end to the overuse and misuse of the law that continues to fuel injustice. The findings of this report are a call to action—for prosecutors, legislators, and the wider public.
What you Can Do
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Read the full report to see how joint enterprise is being misused in our courts and the real impact on young lives.
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Write a letter to your MP, using our template letter to demand immediate parliamentary scrutiny.
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Follow our socials and newsletter for updates, including a roundtable this autumn with key contributors to press for systemic change.
Event Panellists
Dr Nisha Waller
Nisha leads APPEAL’s racial justice work, challenging discriminatory practices in the criminal legal system through research and advocacy. Nisha recently completed her PhD at the University of Oxford, where her research investigated racialised processes of prosecution in the context of ‘joint enterprise’, with a particular focus on the experiences of young Black men. Her expertise lies in the intersection of race and the criminal legal system in England and Wales, particularly in joint enterprise prosecutions. Her work has been motivated by personal experience, having been closely connected to someone convicted under joint enterprise.
Tehreem Sultan
Tehreem is APPEAL’s Racial Justice Researcher, working on racial justice work to raise awareness of and challenge discriminatory practices in the criminal justice system. She was called to the Bar of England and Wales in October 2023. Tehreem completed her LL.M. at Harvard Law School specialising in criminal and international human rights law. Tehreem previously worked at the International Criminal Court on a number of state investigations. Her work is motivated by her experience of the justice system in different jurisdictions including the Middle East and South Asia.
Andrea Coomber KC (Hon.)
Andrea Coomber KC (Hon.) is the Chief Executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform. Andrea is qualified as a barrister and solicitor in Western Australia. Prior to joining the Howard League in 2021, Andrea was the Director of JUSTICE for seven years. Before that, she spent a decade litigating international human rights cases at INTERIGHTS, having earlier worked at the International Service for Human Rights in Geneva and the South Asia Documentation Centre in New Delhi. Andrea was appointed Queen’s Council (Honoris Causa) in 2022. Since 2019, she has served as a Lay Member of the House of Lords Conduct Committee.
Dr Patrick Williams
Dr Patrick Williams is an independent researcher and scholar working in-service to community groups, movements and organisations who are resisting the harms of the Criminal Legal Systems of England and Wales and Europe. Focusing on ‘modalities of injustice’ and ‘processes of criminalisation’, he is co-author of many reports and papers documenting the pains of joint enterprise and collective punishments, including the oft-cited ‘Dangerous Associations: Joint Enterprise, Gangs and Racism’ and ‘Data-driven Policing: the hardwiring of discriminatory policing practices across Europe’. Patrick has assisted the court as an expert-witness in significant JE/conspiracy cases involving racially minoritised children and young people.
Yusuf Solley
Yusuf Solley is a barrister at Furnival Chambers. He is generally instructed in matters of a serious nature, including joint participation cases of murder and attempted murder. He also has experience of defending young people with neurodivergences, including ASD. He sits as a barrister member of BTAS, the bar disciplinary tribunals, and as a Commissioner on the Westminster Commission on Joint Enterprise.
Pearls Loren Wisdom
Pearls Loren Wisdom is the founder and Director of SAY NO! To Joint Enterprise UK C.I.C. an organisation dedicated to advocating for individuals and families navigating the complexities of the justice system, particularly concerning Joint Enterprise. Her commitment stems from her personal experience, after the arrest and charge of her 16-year-old son for a murder he did not commit. In November 2023, she established a WhatsApp group comprised of 10 mothers, whose children are incarcerated under Joint Enterprise Doctrine, recognising their need for focused support, particularly for the disproportionately affected demographic that are 16 times more likely to be charged and convicted under Joint Enterprise.
Cleeshay
Cleeshay is an emerging artist whose music serves as a powerful testament to resilience in the face of injustice. Having spent twelve years in prison for a crime he did not commit, Cleeshay draws from personal experiences to create music that conveys profound pain and explores themes of social injustice.
APPEAL strives to confront the racism within the criminal justice system head on.
We aim to raise awareness and challenge discriminatory practices, advocating for change that promotes equality, fairness and redress for harms caused. We ensure that the voices of those affected by racial injustice are heard and that meaningful change is achieved.
We achieved justice for rail workers framed by a racist, corrupt British Transport Police officer. We have also identified the hidden racist and classist intent behind the introduction of majority jury verdicts, which was linked to a desire to dilute the influence of “coloured” migrants and the new “labouring class”.
Our research ‘Doubt Dismissed‘ has highlighted dozens of high-profile wrongful convictions based on majority jury verdicts, including Winston Trew, who was “fitted up” by a racist police officer in 1972.
Joint Enterprise on Trial:
The ‘Joint Enterprise on Trial’ report launched by APPEAL’s Dr Nisha Waller and Tehreem Sultan is a first-of-its-kind report offering a rare, inside look at how joint enterprise is being used in criminal trials at the Old Bailey. Based on a six-month court watch, the study reveals how young, mostly Black men and teenagers are being placed at risk of wrongful conviction due to the overuse and misuse of joint enterprise.
Take Action:
In the Media:
Channel 4 News – Joint enterprise law ‘overused and misused’ against black men
The Justice Gap – Joint enterprise ‘shattering lives through overreaching prosecutions’
The Guardian – Excessive use of charging powers observed in joint enterprise trials say researchers
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Tailoring the timing of your creatine intake to complement your
fasting and workout schedule is key to reaching the
finest possible outcomes from both practices. Creatine,
however, is a naturally occurring compound in the body that performs
a critical function in power production, notably for brief bursts of high-intensity actions.
It’s stored within the muscle tissue and used to produce ATP
(adenosine triphosphate), the first vitality service in cells.
Creatine supplementation is popular for enhancing physical efficiency,
rising strength, and supporting muscle recovery. Importantly, creatine itself contains no calories and does not
directly affect glucose or hormone ranges in the bloodstream.
Following this guideline will allow you to navigate the complex world
of intermittent fasting while nonetheless reaping the potential advantages of creatine supplementation. Maintain experimenting, listening to your physique,
and seeking advice from professionals to strike the proper
balance and obtain your required well being and fitness targets.
In conclusion, when it comes to the query of whether taking creatine will break your fast, timing is vital.
While the scientific consensus suggests that creatine does
not have a big impact on fasting, it’s important to consider your private targets and preferences.
Whereas we are big followers of intermittent fasting around right here and need it was the best fit for everyone, we are additionally realistic and know that everybody has
completely different needs. There are a couple of teams of individuals whom we advocate avoiding
fasting altogether. Although supplement corporations can’t label creatine as protein on the Supplement Details panel, and therefore need
not list calories, it doesn’t mean that creatine supplies no calories.
Whereas you can get it from these foods, you’d need to devour
many kilos to get what you would from a single serving of
a creatine supplement. So, if you’re all the way down to make some major muscle features whereas torching
up some physique fat, there’s a big thumbs up with
creatine. As phosphocreatine ranges become depleted with prolonged intense activity, vitality availability declines due to an absence
of ATP regeneration needed to satisfy the demands of high-intensity exercise 2.
In order for your body to run, it needs a continuing supply of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), its primary fuel—and
creatine plays a major position in energy availability and the regeneration of ATP.
This means that during your fasted exercises,
supplementing with creatine can potentially improve your performance by offering an additional power supply in your muscles.
Additionally, creatine has been proven to extend muscle strength
and energy, leading to improved workout performance and muscle growth over time.
So, in case your goal is to maximise your health club periods throughout
fasting durations, creatine can be a priceless addition to your routine.
In the search to keep up muscle during zero calorie windows,
the question of whether or not creatine breaks a quick is a nuanced one.
Finally, individual targets and responses to supplements like pre-workout, which could comprise creatine, caffeine, and other ingredients, might differ.
It’s necessary to contemplate personal fasting
protocols and the potential metabolic responses to those substances.
Nonetheless, it’s essential to read product labels rigorously
and select supplements with minimal components or fillers. It plays
a crucial position in energy metabolism, notably during short-duration, high-intensity actions like weightlifting and sprinting.
Avoid ingesting caffeine (coffee, tea, soda) or taking herbal stimulants corresponding to ephedra or Ma Huang while you’re taking creatine.
This side-by-side comparability may help you resolve if supplementing
with creatine aligns together with your specific fasting targets and priorities.
Since performance is your primary focus here, the very slight
activation of mTOR is a worthwhile trade-off. In return, you get
a significant boost in energy and energy whereas helping to protect your muscular tissues.
For anybody fasting to offer their metabolism a relaxation or to improve blood sugar management, this
is incredible information.
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